Breast Cancer Awareness Month – What you need to know about your breast

The breast is a mass of glandular, fibrous, and fatty tissue. It is placed over the pectoral (chest) muscle and attached by ligaments called Cooper’s ligaments. The development of these parts of the breast begins at puberty and is dependent on hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Women may have many changes in their breasts at any point in their life. Some are dependent on their menstrual cycle. Others are linked to birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy, family history, or lifestyle changes. Most breast conditions are not cancer. They arise from an abnormality in the normal development and ageing of breast tissue. 

October is breast cancer awareness month. In a spirit of raising-awareness, we’re giving you a two-part series on breast changes in –

1)Premenopausal women 

2)Post-menopausal women

Part 1 – Premenopausal women

Breast pain

• • The most common complaint amongst younger women is pain linked to the menstrual cycle. This is called “Cyclical mastalgia”. It is almost always due to our hormones (estrogen and progesterone). As the pain does not always affect both the breasts, there might be other causes of pain in a single breast. This type of pain might begin at ovulation and last all through the menstrual cycle. Pain that involves both the breasts and is cyclical is generally not harmful. When the breast pain does not correlate with her menstrual cycle, it is called “Non-cyclical breast pain”. It is advisable to chart the breast pain to understand the link better. The pain might be minimal too so severe that you can’t wear tight clothes or move around freely. 
  • When you experience such pain, wear a good bra with adequate support. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle but limiting alcohol, caffeine and increasing greens in your diet are helpful. Pain killers such as Paracetamol may be taken in recommended doses if the pain is severe. Vitamin E capsules and massaging breasts with EPO (Evening primrose oil) have shown some benefit in patients.

Fibrocystic breast changes

• • These changes are what you feel in your breast prior to your menstrual cycle, commonly in the third and fourth decades of life.  Breasts may feel heavy, sore, or lumpy. These changes occur due to an overdrive of estrogen and a deficiency of progesterone. Although these are not cancerous, having certain pathologically proven lesions of the breast which fall under the “fibrocystic” category increases the risk of cancer three-fold. 

Infections

• • Infections are common in breastfeeding mothers, smokers, and women with systemic illnesses. They may present with lumps, nipple discharge, pain, or fever. It is very important to identify and treat these symptoms which may range from simple medical management to surgical treatment. 

Cysts 

• • Women who develop a cyst complain of a sudden development of a lump in the breast overnight. Cysts are fluid-filled structures in the breast that occur due to a blocked duct or hormonal changes. They are most commonly benign. However, certain cysts may have a small component of a cancerous or precancerous lesion. They are generally seen in the third or the fourth decades of life. 
  • They can be soft or hard. They may be felt by the hand or seen on imaging with a mammogram. They are generally observed or aspirated with a small needle.

Tumors (Benign)

• • Fibroadenomas (FA) are benign lumps that occur commonly in younger women, especially teens. They however can occur at any age group. They are mobile and slip when being felt. Women generally feel them when examining their breasts. If they are small and not growing, they maybe observed. However, if they are increasing in size or are symptomatic, simple removal is suggested. They very rarely turn cancerous (Complex fibroadenomas)
  • Phyllodes tumors are generally seen in the third and fourth decades of life and are prone to growing rapidly, changing the shape of the breast. The treatment is relatively complicated compared to a FA. Based on the nature of the tumor, radiotherapy might be required in certain cases and recurrences are common unless they are removed completely. 

 

• Breast Cancer 
  • Currently, in India, the rates of cancer have increased in women between the ages of 25-40. The reasons for this might be lifestyle changes, similar to the West. If women under the age of 35 develop cancers, they tend to have a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancers. It is important to get counselled with a professional genetic counsellor. 

Remember that ‘Breast Self-Examination” is the most important technique of identifying early breast diseases.  It has to be done every month. Make sure you reach out to a doctor if you find any abnormality in your breasts. 

 

By Dr. Pragnya Chigurupati Narra

Consultant – Breast Specialist & Oncoplastic Surgeon

American Oncology Institute